Traffic Congestion and the Pollution it Creates is...

According to the Toronto Environmental Office, vehicles are responsible for 35% of all greenhouse gases (GHG) produced in Toronto (City of Toronto, 2011), and the Clean Air Partnership estimates that idling in the GTHA wastes 90 million litres of fuel each year (ibid), which further justifies the need to combat gridlock and traffic congestion with effective government policies. Air is a transboundary problem therefore no one jurisdiction, whether it is a municipality, province, country or continent, can completely control the air in which its residents breathe in. In addition, each have their own authority to uphold air quality for its residents but cannot control the air pollution coming in from neighbouring provinces and countries.†¦show more content†¦Cooperation will be key in combating decreasing air quality as a result of gridlock and traffic congestion. Although air quality falls under different jurisdictions and is subject to various laws and regulations that cross municipal and provincial jurisdictions, municipal governments can exert control, even with their limited powers, by creating bylaws that help increase the air quality in Toronto. On top of creating bylaws within the city, the municipalities must ensure that they work with the different levels of governments to pass worthwhile laws and regulations across the province that will help reverse the decreasing air quality in the GTHA and in the province in general. Traffic Congestion has been a problem for those living in the city and those commuting to the city for years now. The Toronto Region Board of Trade (2013) points out how investing in the regional transportation plan, also known as â€Å"The Big Move,† which was developed by the Province’s regional transportation agency Metrolinx, is key to improving roads and highways for drivers across the GTHA (p. 2) and therefore decreasing the negative affects from gridlock and traffic congestion. There a number of ways improvements can be made including, but not limited to, investing in public transportation, improving intraregional bottlenecks (ibid.) and increasing tickets and fines (Heisey, 2013, p. 2), along with many other important changes, all of which will require legal action and political cooperation.Show MoreRelatedTransportation Plan For A Sustainable Transportation System1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthe integrity and vitality of our communities. Early in the 21st century, the threat to national security and the implications of global climate change plus the rising cost of a fossil fuel dependent transportation system and ever increasing traffic congestion began to suggest reevaluation and reform of our national transportation policy. There s good reason to restructure transportation priorities to support a sustainable transportation system which provides access to people, places, goods, andRead MoreTechnology Has Created Serious Health Concerns Of Citizens Of The World Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagesand environmental levels. Urbanisation of world culture has created serious health concerns of citizen of smart cities. Increasing level of air pollutants such as carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide , sulphur dioxide , particulate matter etc. has impacted on personal health of the citizens of the world. So the quality of air and the amount of air pollutants need to be measured in order to get them under control. The impossible measurements in typical ways have currently become attainableRead MoreHealth Impact Of A Project / Policy1480 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude: 1) increasing the size of parkland; 2) extending the length of trails; 3) creating long-term employment opportunities; and 4) creating additional housing units. The health indicators they chose include obesity, mental health, environmental quality, safety and security, neighborhood cohesion, and employment. This report predicts the impact of ATF to these indicators based on related literatures and existing conditions. 1. Obesity The existing condition of this area has indicated that the riverfrontRead MoreSocio Cultural Impacts of Tourism2973 Words   |  12 Pagesinterdependent relationship. Tourism is one of the largest industries in todays world economy and is a great source of foreign exchange for many developing countries, whose major assets are their natural resources. At the same time, it is the environmental quality of a place that will determine the success of the tourism industry, since it is the principal attraction. There have been disagreements on whether tourism in beneficial or harmful to the environment, and this paper lays out the arguments for bothRead MoreThe World s Urban Population1581 Words   |  7 Pages218 million in this increment. India will account for slightly over 15.5% of increase the world urban population (World Urbanization Prospects the 2011 Revision, 2012). Urban population is growing and that are going to be face problem like congestion and pollution. India contribute 6% of world Road accidents and 10% of world road death rate. More than the 1.41 lakh people die in road accidents and more than 1 million deadly road accident take place every year. They are mostly of pedestrians or cyclistRead MoreEngineers Concern for Our Environment2019 Words   |  8 Pageswhich we interact, create our environment. All these parts of environment are dependent on each other for maintaining balance in nature. As we are the human beings the only organisms are changing the environment to fulfill our needs, it is our responsibility to control the imbalance created in the environment and take necessary steps to make balance., as a part of Industrialization all over the world the technology and industries are growing day by day for more production and quality, etc.. Image 1Read MoreUrban Sprawl Essay3380 Words   |  14 Pagesfamilies. Americans perceived it to be a new and cheap housing community, and the houses and communities were attractive to the new residents, with many of them coming from urban areas (Hales). People sought to escape the cramped spaces, noise, and traffic that was a staple of the city (Resnik).The rise of the mass-produced automobile allowed more Americans to own a car, giving them freedom to easily commute from the city where their jobs were to the suburbs where their houses were. Eisenhower’s InterstateRead MoreRoad Transport11468 Words   |  46 Pagesefficient transport and logistic systems in delivery chain an absolute imperative. Easy accessibility, flexibility of operations, door-to-door service and reliability have earned road transport an increasingly higher share of both passenger and freight traffic vis-à  -vis other transport modes. Road transport has emerged as the dominant segment in India’s transportation sector with a share of 4.5 per cent in India’s GDP in 2005-06. Over the last six years (2000-01 to 2005-06), the annual average growth inRead MoreEffects Of Fuel Prices On The World s Dumbest Transportation Policy2073 Words   |  9 Pagesenergy sector (Granado, Coady Gillingham 2010). Subsidy removal may also cause adverse substitution to cheaper and dirtier imported coal, which could cause an increase in pollution (European Environmental Agency 2004). Conversely, the adverse effect of subsidizing petrol includes drainage on national budgets. Subsidisation creates an opportunity cost whereby increase in government expenditure on fuel subsidies forgoes spending on other aspects of development such as healthcare, education, infrastructureRead MoreEconomics6769 Words   |  28 Pagesexternalities (external costs) they generate. A tax equivalent to the marginal external cost would push price up to PX. Road use would be reduced from Q to QX, the socially optimum level. In practice, it is difficult to estimate external costs. d Congestion and other negative externalities caused by car use will increase. Road use by cars is likely to continue to increase in the absence of government action because: the price of road use does not reflect its true costs; road use is income inelastic

Of Monsters and Monks A Comparison - 966 Words

The characteristics and actions of monks provide an insightful look into how human society perceived their relationship with these men of Christian faith, a common notion or view of them as monsters. Monsters can be defined as a cultural body, an expression of a culture’s anxieties, what is unknown to them, and the fears they have. Monsters usually have very distinct physical characteristics, which include unnatural strength, a considerable amount of unkempt hair, and an unusual appearance associated with conditions such as gigantism and hybridism. Although civilized, monsters usually struggle with the reemergence of their inner wildness, particularly as seen in stories of Enkidu, Gilgamesh, and Samson from the bible. Monsters often emerge in the periphery of human society, where outside these borders, as described by writers such as Herodotus and Pliny, the unknown people take on the forms of monsters. In the outskirts of civilization, monks began appearing during the age of pagan and Christian antiquity. From the beginning of Christianity very serious individuals of the faith sought to avoid the sinfulness of their societies by completely denouncing it and abstaining from social contact. Monks became these individuals who departed from structured society to live in the periphery as wild men. The lore and the known truths that surrounded these monks allowed for human society at that time to speculate on whether these individuals embodied the concept of monsters. As evidentShow MoreRelatedNietzsche Said Whoever Fights Monsters Should See To It1614 Words   |  7 PagesNietzsche said Whoever fights monsters should see to it that in the process he does not become a monster. And when you look long into an abyss, the abyss also looks into you (Beyond Good and Evil, 146). Most people are convinced that they are the hero or heroine of a story, but if their motives are impure, selfish, or short sighted; they may very well turn out to be the villain. In the cla ssic gothic novel, The Monk by Matthew Lewis in which several characters’ motives, lives, and deaths becomeRead MoreThe Religious Themes Of The Epic Of Beowulf1485 Words   |  6 Pageswork was actually focused around a Pagan belief system before the Christian coloring and allusions were added. Christianity is the second religion being portrayed in this Epic Poem. It is theorized that a monk was the one that added the Christian themes to the work as he was recording it. Monks were famous for being scribes and recording different works in their solemn monasteries. These are only theories, and this paper will discuss both of the religious themes and the impacts they both contributeRead MoreChristian and Pagan Elements in Beowulf926 Words   |  4 PagesELEMENTS IN BEOWULF The poem Beowulf is full of Pagan and Christian elements, this combination gave place to many discutions about the origin of the poem. On the one hand some scholars have said that this is the result of a transcription made by some monks where they added the christian elements, on the other hand it is believed that the poem was written in a period in which the Anglo-Saxons were being converted from their worship of Germanic Pagan gods to the Christian God. â€Å"It was long held thatRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s The Epic Of The English 1113 Words   |  5 Pagesnarrator immediately depicts Grendel as the antagonist, a person who is actively hostile towards someone, â€Å"conceived by a pair of those monsters born of Cain, murderous creatures banished by God,† (Anonymous, 40). The comparison between Grendel and Cain, the oldest son of Adam and Eve who murdered his brother Abel, shows the authors’ perceived tone towards the monster and opens up the storyline. The narrator goes on to tell that since Grendel is merely this horrible creature he goes to Herot, King Hrothgar’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Dream Of The Rood, Beowulf, And The Canterbury Tales Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesThe Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales acts much like the stereotypical woman in speech and language. That is to say that â€Å"women’s irritating habits, their deviancy or inadequacy in language usage in comparison to the norm† (Treharne), the norm being how men use language, is inferior in comparison. Men make up what is to be considered the standard in society and the women should aim for that. To men, women talk too much and can not be trusted due to their gossipy ways. The Wife of Bath shows thisRead MoreBeowulf Essay : Battle Comparison1266 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf essay: Battle comparison In the poem â€Å"Beowulf† the protagonist encounters three enemies of large proportions: Grendel the serpent, Grendel’s Mother, and a Dragon. All these creatures pose a large and terrifying threat that need a special protagonist to fight what the land’s strongest warriors could not accomplish. Before monks wrote this fabled tale in the form of a poem, Beowulf captured the attention of its listeners and teach them lessons about their cultural society and how to act inRead MoreBeowulf: a Pagan Epic Hero?1681 Words   |  7 PagesEpic Hero? Throughout literature there have been countless parallels and references to the story of Christ as written in the Bible. Even in such unexpected places as in seemingly pagan poems of ancient Danes and Geats- an epic with dragons and monsters- one still finds similar biblical allusions. In just such an unexpected place, the epic Beowulf, its title hero and his circumstance, become an allegory for the story of Christ. In this sense, Beowulf can be seen as a Christian story of salvationRead MoreThe Origins of the Species by Charles Darwin Essay examples2012 Words   |  9 Pagesthe conventional themes and features of the Early Gothic but there was an addition of new elements such as science, atavism or the monster figure. The following pages deal with the main differences and similarities between Victorian Gothic and the previous traditional Gothic works. In particular this essay will explore and compare Stoker’s Dracula with Lewis’ The Monk and Radcliffe’s A Sicilian Romance. It will examine in deeper detail two aspects of the novels: the writing style and setting in orderRead MoreComparison Between Beowulf And The 13th Warrior1691 Words   |  7 Pageswill discuss the difference between Beowulf and The 13th warrior throughout the paper. Another thing we will be discussing is how the authors use religion in a unique way in both works to portray their story in their own way. Before we begin our comparison we will begin with some information on Anglo-Saxon Paganism and Islam. Beowulf was written by an Anglo-Saxon poet. Anglo-Saxon was a common religion among the Viking time period. Pagans are polytheistic meaning they believe in multiple godsRead MoreComparing Similarities Between Beowulf And The 13th Warrior1976 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent we will discuss the difference between Beowulf and The 13th warrior in this paper. Another thing we will be discussing is how the authors use religion in their own way in both works to portray their story in their own way. Before we begin our comparison we will begin with some information on Anglo-Saxon Paganism and Islam. There are five major religions of the world, of those five major religions, one claims to be the youngest; this religion is called Islam. Although Islam may be the youngest

Using a Timer in MS Office VBA Macros

For those of us who have our minds deeply into VB.NET, the journey back to VB6 can be a confusing trip. Using a Timer in VB6 is like that. At the same time, adding timed processes to your code is not obvious to new users of VBA Macros. Timers For Newbies Coding a Word VBA macro to automatically time a test that was written in Word is a typical reason for using a timer. Another common reason is to see just how much time is being taken by different parts of your code so you can work on optimizing the slow sections. Sometimes, you might want to see if anything is happening in the application when the computer seems to be just sitting there idle, which can be a security problem. Timers can do that. Start a Timer You start a timer by coding an OnTime statement. This statement is implemented in Word and Excel, but it has different syntax depending on which one youre using.  The syntax for Word is: expression.OnTime(When, Name, Tolerance) The syntax for Excel looks like this: expression.OnTime(EarliestTime, Procedure, LatestTime, Schedule) Both have the first and second parameter in common. The second parameter is the name of another macro that runs when the time in the first parameter is reached. In effect, coding this statement is like creating an event subroutine in VB6 or VB.NET terms. The event is reaching the time in the first parameter. The event subroutine is the second parameter. This is  different from the way it is coded in VB6 or VB.NET. For one thing, the macro named in the second parameter can be in any code that is accessible. In a Word document, Microsoft recommends putting it in the Normal document template. If you put it in another module, Microsoft recommends using the full path: Project.Module.Macro. The expression is usually the Application object. The Word and Excel documentation states that the third parameter can cancel the execution of the event macro in case a dialog or some other process prevents it from running within a certain time. In Excel, you can schedule a new time in case that happens. Code the Time Event Macro This code in Word is for the administrator who wants to display a notification that the testing time has expired and print the result of the test. Public Sub TestOnTime()Debug.Print The alarm will go off in 10 seconds!Debug.Print (Before OnTime: Now)alertTime Now TimeValue(00:00:10)Application.OnTime alertTime, EventMacroDebug.Print (After OnTime: Now)End SubSub EventMacro()Debug.Print (Executing Event Macro: Now)End Sub This results in the following content in the immediate window: The alarm will go off in 10 seconds!Before OnTime: 12/25/2000 7:41:23 PMAfter OnTime: 12/25/2000 7:41:23 PMExecuting Event Macro: 2/27/2010 7:41:33 PM Option for Other Office Apps Other Office applications dont implement OnTime. For those, you have several choices. First, you can use the Timer function, which simply returns the number of seconds since midnight on your PC, and does your own math, or you can use Windows API calls. Using Windows API calls has the advantage of being more precise than Timer. Heres a routine suggested by Microsoft that does the trick: Private Declare Function getFrequency Lib kernel32 _Alias QueryPerformanceFrequency (cyFrequency As Currency) As LongPrivate Declare Function getTickCount Lib kernel32 _Alias QueryPerformanceCounter (cyTickCount As Currency) As LongSub TestTimeAPICalls()Dim dTime As DoubledTime MicroTimerDim StartTime As SingleStartTime TimerFor i 1 To 10000000Dim j As Doublej Sqr(i)NextDebug.Print (MicroTimer Time taken was: MicroTimer - dTime)End SubFunction MicroTimer() As Double Returns seconds.Dim cyTicks1 As CurrencyStatic cyFrequency As CurrencyMicroTimer 0 Get frequency.If cyFrequency 0 Then getFrequency cyFrequency Get ticks.getTickCount cyTicks1 SecondsIf cyFrequency Then MicroTimer cyTicks1 / cyFrequencyEnd Function

The Relationship Between Drug Abuse and Excessive Food...

In seminar, we discussed the relationship between drug addiction and excessive food consumption. In particular, we remarked that drugs of abuse hi jack the reward pathway that evolved for hedonic food consumption. Drugs such as cocaine cause excess dopamine released in the Nucleus Accumbens, which results in a feeling of extreme pleasure. Over time, the pleasure derived from the drug decreases due to synaptic adjustment and the addict is in a state of anhedonia (lack of pleasure). Chronic drug use is motivated by a compulsive need to administer the drug and avoid anhedonia. Addicts that successfully abstain from the drug, even after a long period of time, are still at risk of relapsing. Drug users report immense drug cravings when they come across cues that remind them of the drug. These environmental cues trigger drug cravings by placing the addict in a state of anhedonia in anticipation of the drug. It is believed that these cue dependent cravings are due to permanent structural ch anges at the synapses level. We can view these changes as a form of associative learning between environmental cues and the pleasure (or reward) derived from the drug. I propose that we view drug addiction as a memory problem, wherein continued drug administration is a result of maladaptive learning. If we frame drug addiction as a memory problem, we might be able to think of novel treatment methods. The biggest obstacle in overcoming addiction is the high incidence of relapse. If we can removeShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Marijuana1203 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana, also known as cannabis, is referred to as many different names by people from different parts of the world. It is used for both medical and recreational purposes. Smoking marijuana, eating it within foods, vaporizing it, and using it as an extract are some of the ways individuals consumed it. Some people use Marijuana because of the physical and mental effects it has on the physical body. After consuming marijuana, a person experiences fe elings like heightened mood, increase in appetiteRead MoreThe Importance Of Antibiotic Resistance998 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatest threats to global health, food security and development today, it occurs naturally, but the pace of its process speeds up its abuse when given to humans and animals and it can harm anyone regardless of age and country of residence (Laxminarayan, et al.2013). According to World Health Organization (WHO), there are 700,000 people death every year because of antibiotic resistance (WHO,2016). A study by the Public Health Foundation in England found between 2010 and 2013 that prescription antibioticsRead MoreBulimia Nervosa As A Mental Disorder904 Words   |  4 Pagescondition (Palmer, 2005). Bulimia Nervosa seems to occur in adolescents and women between the ages of 14-40. The percentage of men suffering from the disease are about 10% (Farrar, 2014). Patients suffering from the disease place an excessive importance in body image and weight loss. They will consume an excessive amount of food and feel guilty about it. Then, they try different methods of getting rid of the food they just consumed. Binge-Eating disorder is a category of Bulimia Nervosa and thereRead MoreThe Theme Of Alcohol In The Play Before Breakfast ONeill955 Words   |  4 Pageseverything around the house and works a job to put what little food she could on the table. In this play the dramatic structure of this play leads up to a psychological break in Alberts mind due to the lack of employment, the lack of self-esteem and the excessive consumption of alcohol which inevitability leads to Alfred committing suicide. Thought this play Mrs. Rowland constantly nags Alfred about his excessive alcohol consumption complaining that he has pawned everything of value causes him toRead MoreAddiction Abuse And Behavioral Addiction1552 Words   |  7 Pageshas genetic, psychosocial, and environmental dimensions. There are various varieties of addiction in the world, but the most widely held are substance abuse and behavioral addiction. Presently, addiction is a on the rise crisis that numerous American household are facing these days. Alcohol addiction has been the most common addiction. Excessive alcohol drinking is a terrible habit that can turn into an addiction. Research has shown that alcohol interacts with the body’s systems in predictable waysRead MoreInternet Addiction, Excessive Usage, And Gratification1419 Words   |  6 PagesNisaa Kirtman PSY 7102, Week 4 Internet addiction, excessive usage, and gratification: A review of two articles The growth of the internet and internet-dependency has become some of the many facets in people?s day-to-day lives. Smartphones, radio, the television, newspapers, and magazines are flooded with news and non-stop information that some may not classify as ?news? (e.g., celebrity gossip, etc.). It seems that the prevalence of the internet are indicators of a nation, communities, organizationsRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1703 Words   |  7 Pagesmedia. The media have now taken the place of the family, the church, and the school as the major socializing influence in contemporary society† (Buckingham 5). Quite often, friendships through media are merely extensions of existing, face-to-face relationships. Nonetheless, the media also provides a way to cultivate new friendships, which creates access to wider networks and even greater social and professional opportunities. Through interaction, the media exposes people to different cultures and ethnicitiesRead MoreCommunity Healt h Strategies1637 Words   |  7 Pages2010 Community Health Strategies Alcohol abuse and alcoholism affects every gender, race, and nationality. Abuse of alcohol is a major cause of preventable deaths associated with violence, motor vehicle crashes, homicides, suicides, and is a leading cause of death among youth (Ringold, 2006). According to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), (2010), approximately 17.6 million people in the United States (about one in every 12 adults) abuse alcohol or are alcohol dependent, and 10.8Read More Alcohol Abuse Essay1036 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol is the most commonly used drug in the United States. 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(1) Michael Moss from The New York Times has spent the past four years researching and reporting the extraordinary science of addictive food, he said their was â€Å"a conscious effort- taking place in labs and marketing meetings and grocery-store aisles- to get people hooked on foods that are convenient and inexpensive.† Food ingredients are

Abnormal Psychology- Schizophrenia Free Essays

string(48) " being over taken by either the Id or Superego\." Abnormal Psychology – Schizophrenia Introduction There are a number of problems with defining psychological abnormality. They include problems with cultural relativity and social norms, what is normal within one culture or society may be considered abnormal within another. There are also problems with statistics as some abnormalities have too few or too many statistics to compare and the statistics may not always be reliable. We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormal Psychology- Schizophrenia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Under the medical model all psychological disorders are considered illnesses. There are two classification systems to diagnose different disorders. These are the International Classification of Diseases Health Related Problems (ICD) and Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The most up to date editions currently in use are ICD-10 and DSM-IV although DSM-V is due to be released in May 2013. (Jabr, F (2013)) Schizophrenia According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) schizophrenia is a severe form of mental illness. It is a treatable psychological condition that affects 24 million people worldwide. It mainly affects 15-35 year olds and is more likely to occur in males but anyone of any age or gender, can develop the condition. It affects thinking, perceptions and language and causes the patient to hear voices and to have hallucinations and delusions. Symptoms ICD-10 diagnostic criteria †¢ At least one of: o Thought echo, thought insertion/withdrawal/broadcast o Passivity, delusional perception o   Third person auditory hallucination, running commentary o Persistent bizarre delusions †¢ or two or more of: o Persistent hallucinations o Thought disorder o Catatonic behaviour o Negative symptoms o Significant behaviour change †¢ Duration o    More than 1 month †¢ Exclusion criteria o Mood disorders, schizoaffective disorder Overt brain disease o Drug intoxication or withdrawal (Wing, J. K. Agrawal, N. (2009)) Behavioural Explanations and Therapies The behavioural approach suggests that schizophrenia is simply learned behaviour learned through operant conditioning. Sammons (2008) suggests that the reason schizophrenia tends to run in families is due to children learning the behaviour fr om their parents. Social learning theory also suggests that although there may be some symptoms present once a patient is around others with schizophrenia they learn symptoms by seeing others demonstrate them. It is difficult to explain how the hallucinations and delusions suffered by a schizophrenic can be explained as learned behaviour; true behaviourists think this is irrelevant as they are only concerned with the physical behaviours not what is happening in the mind. Paul and Lentz (1977) carried out a study into operant conditioning as a treatment for schizophrenia. They set up a token economy on a hospital ward where they rewarded patients for appropriate behaviour by giving them tokens that they could exchange for luxury items. It was found that only 11% of the patients in the test group continued to require drugs for their symptoms compared to 100% of the control group. (AQA, (2010)) This demonstrates that operant conditioning as a treatment is very effective; however behaviourists do not care whether the patient is still hearing voices as long as they behave like they are not. In the Paul and Lentz study the patients may still hear voices but have simply learned that if they behave as though they are not they will be rewarded. This means that the schizophrenia has not actually been cured. Biological Explanations and Therapies There have been a number of studies conducted that suggest there is a biological cause for schizophrenia. Through family resemblance studies it has been discovered that a normal person with no family history of schizophrenia has around a 0. 2-2% chance of developing the condition, whereas a person with one schizophrenic parent has a 13% chance of developing it. The chances increase to 46% if both parents have the condition. (Head, P (2012)) This information may not be reliable as it was based on information from records and memories and memories can easily be distorted or misinterpreted. The Copenhagen High –risk study looked at children aged 10-18 and classified them into low risk, of developing schizophrenia, and high risk groups. They removed the risk of environmental factors that could distort the results by grouping the children by age, gender, residence and economic status. This made the study highly reliable as it meant the only factor that should affect results was genetics. The study found that only 1. 9% of children in the low risk group developed schizophrenia whereas 16. 2% of the high risk children did. This shows support for the genetic explanation for schizophrenia. Iverson (1979) carried out post-mortem studies. He found that there are high levels of dopamine in brains of schizophrenics. It is suggested that schizophrenia is caused by high levels of dopamine in the brain or more dopamine receptors in their brains. This is supported by the success of chlorpromazine drugs as a treatment for the condition. There are however problems with this explanation. One problem is that there is no evidence that excess dopamine causes schizophrenia. It could be that schizophrenia causes excess dopamine. (AQA, 2010) Biological treatments for schizophrenia are anti psychotic drugs and chlorpromazine which blocks dopamine receptors in the brain. These drugs have been proven to work as they reduce the number of patients spending a long time in hospital; however drugs are not a cure. They only control the symptoms if a patient stops taking these drugs the symptoms will soon return. This is known as the ‘revolving door syndrome. ’ There can be a number of reasons for this to happen; firstly a patient may ave a fear of getting well. The patient may find it difficult to imagine life without schizophrenia or enjoy some part of it. Another reason is that the patient may stop taking the drugs they are prescribed due to side effects. (Fritscher, L (2012)) The side effects of these drugs can include drowsiness, dizziness, disturbed vision, weight gain, blood clots and tremors. (Net doctor (2012)) Patients may feel that the side effects are worse than the original illness and stop taking the prescribed medication which then starts the cycle again. Psychodynamic Explanations and Therapies The psychodynamic explanation for schizophrenia is that the Ego is being over taken by either the Id or Superego. You read "Abnormal Psychology- Schizophrenia" in category "Papers" Freudians would suggest that there has been a problem in childhood, most likely a problem with the mother, the ego doesn’t develop as well as it should which means the id can easily take control. (Sammons (2008)) The Ego looses control and the patient will enter a child like state, known as ‘primary narcissism’, which causes fantasy to be confused with reality and delusions of self importance which cause the patient to be highly demanding similar to a baby. Hallucinations and delusions are caused by the Ego trying to regain control and reality. There are problems with the psychodynamic approach; firstly there is no scientific evidence to support the explanations. Secondly it has generally been regarded that since anti psychotic drugs work to treat the symptoms that the biological explanation is more reliable. (Sammons (2008)) Freud did not see any point in treating schizophrenics as he believed that it had been caused by the broken ego which is the part of the psyche that he would engage with, as this was so badly damaged he believed there was no way to cure schizophrenia. More recently the main psychodynamic treatment for schizophrenia has been psychotherapy. Rosen (1946) brought patients into a child like state to be able to then nurture them to redevelop a strong ego and ultimately rebalance the psyche. There have been problems with this form of treatment as it is out of date and the results that were found by Rosen are less likely to be effective today as the definition of schizophrenia has changed and the cases Rosen treated would not be considered to be schizophrenic today. Also Drake Sederer (1986) actually found that his form of therapy could worsen symptoms and prolong the patients stay in hospital. Cognitive Explanations and Therapies The cognitive approach agrees with the biological evidence that there is a high genetic contribution to schizophrenia but realises that there must also be other causes and it is important to take these into account. The cognitive model suggests that although genes can create a disposition to develop schizophren ia it only actually develops as a response to stresses such as trauma or infections. Cognitive psychologists fail to take environmental factors such as family and lifestyle into account. Cognitive psychologists believe that the faulty thought patterns are what cause schizophrenia and not a result of the condition. It is suggested that there is a fault with the way in which schizophrenics process information and that it is difficult for them to filter out irrelevant information. Hemsley (1993) suggested that schizophrenics have problems processing information in their memories and new information coming in. It is also suggested that there is a problem with the functioning of the in built schemas. Hemsley explains that the reason schizophrenics hear voices is because they do not realise that their thoughts come from memories and therefore believe them to be voices. There is however very little evidence to support Hemsley’s ideas except for some research on animals which cannot be directly compared with human behaviour. Frith (1992) suggested that people with schizophrenia find it difficult to distinguish whether the information is coming from an internal or external source. He believed that most of the symptoms of schizophrenia can be explained by problems in three different cognitive processes. The first is the inability to generate willed action. The second is the inability to monitor willed action, and the third is the inability to monitor the beliefs and intentions of others. Frith suggests that these problems come from faulty wiring in the brain. There is evidence to support this from his study where he gave specific tasks to schizophrenics and monitored the cerebral blood flow. He found that this was different to what he would expect to see in a person without schizophrenia. The cognitive explanation of schizophrenia is very popular in terms of helping ordinary eople understand the condition. It is also made more reliable by the fact that they take into account other factors such as genetics as well as psychological factors. The cognitive approach also has limitations as although it does well to explain the symptoms of schizophrenia it cannot explain the causes alone without looking at the biological model. PAGE 13-14 Conclusions In conclusion there are a wide range of explanations for schizophrenia including genetics, environment and traumatic experiences. There are also a wide range of treatments including drugs, psycho therapy and behavioural therapy. All of these explanations and therapies have credit on their own but also have limitations. The best way to treat schizophrenia is through a combination of treatments such as drugs used with cognitive-behavioural therapy. Most people with schizophrenia are managed through treatments however many people will relapse. This would then trigger a new round of treatments. Continued support even after recovery helps to reduce the chances of relapse. (NHS choices (2012)) References o AQA, (2010) schizophrenia: Explanations and treatments [online] available from: www. aqabpsychology. co. k/2010/07/schizophrenia-explanations-and-treatments [accessed 5. 2. 2013] o Fritscher, L (2012) Revolving Door Syndrome [online] available from http://phobias. about. com/od/glossary/g/Revolving-Door-Syndrome. htm [accessed 11. 2. 2013] o Head, P (2012) Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia [online] available from: http://www. springwood. norfolk. sch. uk/Downloads/Psychology/BIOLOGICAL%20EXPLANATIONS%20OF %20SCHIZOPHRENIA. pdf [Accessed 6. 2. 2013] o Jabr, F (2013) The Newest Edition of Psychiatry’s â€Å"Bible,† the DSM-5, Is Complete [Online] available from: http://www. scientificamerican. om/article. cfm? id=dsm-5-update [Accessed on 11. 2. 2013] o Net Doctor (2012) Chlorpromazine – Side Effects [online] available from: http://www. netdoctor. co. uk/brain-and-nervous-system/medicines/chlorpromazine. html. [Accessed 11. 2. 2013] o NHS Choices (2012) Schizophrenia – Living with [online] available from: http://www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Schizophrenia/Pages/living-with. aspx [accessed 6. 2. 2013] o Sammons (2008) Schizophrenia [online] available from: http://www. psychlotron. org. uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQB_abnormal_schizophreniaPsyBehActivity. pdf [accessed 5. 2. 2013] Wing, J. K Agrawal, N. (2009) Concepts of Schizophrenia [online] Available from: (http://www. health. am/psy/more/icd-10-and-dsm-iv-concepts-of-schizophrenia/ [accessed: 2. 2. 2013] Bibliogr aphy o Mcleod, S. (2008) Abnormal Psychology [online] available from; www. simplypsychology. org/abnormal-psychology. html [accessed 5. 2. 2013] o WHO (2012) Mental Health – Schizophrenia [online] available from: www. who. int/mental_health/management/schizophrenia/en/ [accessed 5. 2. 2013] http://alevelpsychologynotes. blogspot. co. uk/2007/10/schizophrenia. html by TAZMANIAN_DEVIL a 2007 How to cite Abnormal Psychology- Schizophrenia, Papers

Megatrend and Entrepreneurial Mindset

Question: Discuss about the Megatrend and Entrepreneurial Mindset for Business. Answer: Megatrend is a global and sustained macro-economic developmental force which affects the business, governments, society, culture as well as the personal lives of human beings that defines the period of change and thereby making change an imminent as well as increases the pace of change visibly. It is important to mention that megatrend has become one of the most common research subjects in the recent past with many researchers and scholars taking interest in this subject (Kaffka Krueger, 2012 p, 32). With the world undergoing globalization megatrend has become a key subject that has increased the pace of change in the world clearly reflecting on the need of adaptation for the people, businesses as well as for the government entities to get accustomed to the change happening all across the world. Megatrend has been seen to affect the financial markets in terms of sales and generation of revenue which also directs an economy to a certain direction. It is important to mention that ther e have been number of megatrends which have even driven the global economy clearly showing its power and importance in the global economy. Megatrend and entrepreneurial mindset are clearly related as for businesses it is very important to follow the megatrend effectively (Singh et al., 2009 p, 26). Megatrend is a key issue in businesses since it is much bigger problem for the businesses to cope up with megatrends. Under circumstances of megatrend the entrepreneurial mindset as well as the innovation of a company will have to be changed in order to cope up with the excessive pressure that comes from the market (Belkhir, 2015 p, 15). Putting myself in the shoes of an entrepreneur it could be said that megatrend is a key aspects that has to be handled by me effectively for the effective running of the business. In this world of volatility, ambiguity, uncertainty and complexity it is important to understand the vital changes major changes which are coming in the field of technology as a well as innovation as an entrepreneur. As an entrepreneur I will have to identify the different problems which might arise in the business under megatrend and how it could be solved by me in order to run the operation accordingly. Being best prepared for the future challenges is extremely important for an entrepreneur. It is very important to understand megatrend as this will help me to drive the business accordingly as well as take relevant business decisions effectively. There are certain aspects which could change the face of the economy and accordingly develop a strong hold over the new generation people. Megatrends are slow in nature and hence as an entrepreneur it is very important for me to understand the slow movement of glacier from the mountains and take steps accordingly (Day, 2015 p, 18). Megatrends normally affect the business and hence it is very important for me to take care of innovation part of the business during the period of megatrend. as opposed to a more general business problem megatrends poses much bigger threat since it comes slowly and hence it has to be understood be me effectively so that as entrepreneur I could make effective decisions. It is also important for me to understand the concept of entrepreneurial mindset effectively as it will be effect ive to understand the impact of a megatrend effectively (Mittelstaedt et al., 2014 p, 62). The entrepreneurial mindset refers to the state of mind of a person where he or she is able to conduct entrepreneurial activities effectively in order to get the best possible outcomes from a given task. Effective entrepreneurial mindset is effective in drawing the best possible opportunities and innovation that helps to create value out of the business. As a future entrepreneur it is very important for me to be able to assess the different situations of the business and accordingly develop a strong platform of understanding which will help me to develop the business scenario. The entrepreneurial theories indicate some key issues which I have to understand effectively in order to be able to solve problems related to business as well as innovation problems (Lee et al., 2010 p, 35). The key issues in entrepreneurship are mainly the financial issues, workforce issues, marketing issues and hence it would be effective to understand these issues so that innovation in the business could be handled effectively. A megatrend if taken lightly could pose problems for an entrepreneur and hence I will have to be very assiduous in understanding recent business trends of innovation and the future trends as well so that ideas could be implemented effectively. It is important to mention that innovation is one of the key issues that as an entrepreneur I will have to look after since this is the megatrend in the business. Innovation has been one of the biggest aspects that companies nowadays emphasise on due to its effective quality of helping companies to gain competitive advantage. Nowadays the common problem in business is to develop a strong hold over the market through hiring workforce and also through innovation. As an entrepreneur it is important that I am able to solve these problems. Having effective workforce was always a priority for a business and this is where the entrepreneurial mindset comes into the picture (Edgeman Eskildsen, 2012 p, 55). There few effective ideas which I could use to solve human resource and innovation problems in the company with the help of effective entrepreneurial mindset. For instance the megatrend in the HR is gaining the trust of the employees. As the entrepreneur I have to use my skills and will have to be employee oriented. It is important that the employees are given ample attention which would help to develop a perfect platform for the employees to work in the company (Haynie et al., 2012 p, 81). I would directly interact with the employees for the effective communication between the lower level employees and the upper level employees which would help to understand the needs and wants and address them accordingly which will encourage them to work in the company. On the other hand it will also be effective in driving the interest of the employees to contribute in the overall development of the organisation. Apart from that it is also important to understand the technological development whi ch the world is consistently undergoing and it is also considered as the megatrend in the business environment (Baines et al., 2010 p, 41). As an entrepreneur I will have to be very prudent in implementing the technological skills and resources so that the best possible level of innovation could be done on the products and services designed as well as in the way business is done. another key problem that needs to be solved in this era of megatrends is gaining customer satisfaction which is only possible when the employees work as a unit and also when they have effective knowledge about the work they are doing and hence as an entrepreneur it is important to frame effective research and development program and also effective training program which will help to make the employees well prepared so that they are able to treat consumers effectively and gain their confidence. In most of the multinational companies like Tesco and Apple Inc workforce management is done through a very holisti c approach and taking into account the aspects of entire human resource management. It is important to mention since digital transformation is a key aspect in the business having an effective hold over the digital platform through the business will largely help to mitigate many problems. The digital media nowadays helps to communicate and it stands to be one of the remedies for few problems and hence this becomes immensely important to be taken care of. As a business student and as an aspiring entrepreneur I have realized that megatrend is a key subject and hence it will have to be consistently studied in order to get entrepreneurial insights which will help me in the long run (Mauer et al., 2009 p, 19). References Baines, S., Bull, M. and Woolrych, R., 2010. A more entrepreneurial mindset? Engaging third sector suppliers to the NHS.Social Enterprise Journal,6(1), pp.49-58. Belkhir, L., 2015. The Innovation Levers to Sustainability Management: Entrepreneurship, Design and Policy.Journal of Management and Sustainability,5(1), p.10. Day, G.E., 2015. Is our health workforce prepared for future health megatrends?.Australian Health Review,39(5), pp.487-488. Edgeman, R.L. and Eskildsen, J.K., 2012. Viral innovation: integration via sustainability enterprise excellence.Journal of Innovation and Business Best Practices,2012, p.1. Haynie, J.M., Shepherd, D., Mosakowski, E. and Earley, P.C., 2010. A situated metacognitive model of the entrepreneurial mindset.Journal of business venturing,25(2), pp.217-229. Kaffka, G.A. and Krueger, N.F., 2012. From Grand Idea to Viable Execution: How Do Ventures and Entrepreneurs Co-Evolve?.Available at SSRN 2098031. Lee, S.M., Olson, D.L. and Trimi, S., 2010. Strategic innovation in the convergence era.International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development,9(1), pp.1-12. Mauer, R., Neergaard, H. and Linstad, A.K., 2009. Self-efficacy: Conditioning the entrepreneurial mindset. InUnderstanding the entrepreneurial mind(pp. 233-257). Springer New York. Mittelstaedt, J.D., Shultz, C.J., Kilbourne, W.E. and Peterson, M., 2014. Sustainability as Megatrend Two Schools of Macromarketing Thought.Journal of Macromarketing,34(3), pp.253-264. Singh, N., Bartikowski, B. P., Dwivedi, Y. K., Williams, M. D. 2009. Global megatrends and the web: Convergence of globalization, networks and innovation.ACM SIGMIS Database,40(4), 14-27.

Strategic Marketing Creating Competitive Advantage

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Marketing for Creating Competitive Advantage. Answer: Introduction: The breakfast restaurant would mainly focus on attracting (i) lower and middle class customers, and (ii) economical budgeters, especially those living or working nearby. This customer groups are most likely to buy coffee and baked goods. The main idea is to reach out to the people who are avid coffee drinkers, and they vary in age. Market research shows that such customers prefer nice environment where they can relax, or meet with acquaintances, enjoy good food and get benefits life lucrative programs or discounts. Keeping in mind the trend the target market has been decided upon and the business plan is chalked out. These products consumption is mostly seen among standard coffee drinkers, young students and working travelers the proximity to large office buildings, retail corridors and nearby academic institutions will provide access to the targeted customer market. The restaurant would also meet the under-served need of foot traveler-friendly breakfast establishment for the bus travelers and nearby residents. References Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press.